Management of Apple Arthropod Pests and Natural Enemies Relative to Developed Insecticide Resistance 1

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Abstract
Apple arthropod pest systems may be approaching a turning point relative to chemical controls tactics. Organophosphate resistance has not been reported for any major key pest; it has been widespread among mites, aphids and leafhoppers, and it is known for several important natural enemy species. The potential for developed resistance to O-P compounds and newly developed synthetic pyrethroid insecticides in key pest species is discussed. Management of O-P resistance among pest and beneficial arthropods by manipulation of operational factors affecting resistance development may be a feasible approach to chemical management of apple arthropods.

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