Antigenic analysis of H4 influenza virus isolates using monoclonal antibodies to defined antigenic sites on the hemagglutinin of A/budgerigar/Hokkaido/1/77 strain

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Abstract
Three non-overlapping antigenic sites were defined on the hemagglutinin of avian influenza virus A/budgerigar/Hokkaido/1/77 (H4N6) by competitive binding assay of monoclonal antibodies to the virus and comparative antigenic analysis of variants selected with monoclonal antibodies. Antigenic relationship among 25 H4 influenza viruses of different bird origin was examined by ELISA with the monoclonal antibodies to each of defined antigenic sites. Two of the three antigenic sites contained epitopes specific to the H4 influenza viruses of budgerigar and mynah origin, and the remaining site contained an epitope which was cross-reactive with almost all of the H4 influenza viruses.