A Framework for Integrating Control Methods Against the Cattle Tick, Boophilus microplus in Australia

Abstract
Information from modeling and empirical studies of the cattle tick B. microplus in Australia, was used to produce guidelines for the analysis of field problems. This study takes the modeling approach to tick control 1 step further than previous work, focusing on the use of research information for making practical recommendations. The 3 important processes in the tick''s life system (development of free-living stages, host-finding and feeding) are used as a basis for the analysis of management options. The performance of each option is explored under 3 climatic scenarios, representing average, and extremely favorable or unfavorable, years. Host resistance is seen as an essential basis for any integrated control approach. Selective breeding, culling animals with low tick resistance and supplementary feeding, are discussed as possible ways to increase host resistance. Approaches to dipping are compared: prophylactic dipping, dipping in response to economic thresholds and opportunistic dipping. Situations are identified when each approach is most appropriate. Reduction of host-finding rate, by changes in host density or by pasture spelling, is discussed. Both techniques appear useful in particular situations. Combinations of available control methods are explored, and a procedure suggested for the analysis of practical extension problems.