The cytoskeleton in development of epithelial cell polarity

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Abstract
The polarization of intestinal epithelial cells and the stereotypic arrangement of their actin-based cytoskeleton have made these epithelia an excellent system to explore the organization and formation of a cortical actin-based cytoskeleton. Through a combined morphological and biochemical analysis, the molecular arrangement of many of the components of the brush border has been elucidated. Study of brush border assembly in the Crypts of Lieberkühn suggests that cytoskeletal mRNA and protein expression, as well as morphological development, occur rapidly following cell differentiation. Protein kinases appear to be important regulators of intestinal cell growth, for differentiating cells in the crypts possess 15-fold higher levels of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins than differentiated cells of the villus. One of these kinases, pp60c-src, has a 4- to 7-fold higher activity in crypts and increased association with the cytoskeleton than it has in villus cells. The development and maintenance of polarization in epithelial cells require the targeting and transport of specific proteins to the apical and basolateral plasma membrane. It has been proposed that a dynein-like, microtubule-based motor is involved in the transport of apically directed materials from the trans-Golgi to the apical plasma membrane. However, microtubules do not reach the plasma membrane, but terminate below the actin-rich network of filaments comprising the terminal web. We propose that vesicles translocate from the Golgi to the apical cytoplasm along microtubules using dynein, and then move through the terminal web to reach the apical plasma membrane using the actin-based motor myosin-I. Our isolation of Golgi-derived vesicles possessing both myosin-I and dynein on their cytoplasmic surface is consistent with this hypothesis.