Suppression of the pro-apoptotic function of cytochrome c by singlet oxygen via a haem redox state-independent mechanism

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Abstract
Stimuli for apoptotic signalling typically induce release of cyt c (cytochrome c) from mitochondria. Cyt c then initiates the formation of the apoptosome, comprising Apaf-1 (apoptotic protease-activating factor 1), caspase-9 and other cofactors. The issue of whether the redox state of the haem in cyt c affects the initiation of the apoptotic pathway is currently a subject of debate. In a cell-free reconstitution system, we found that only oxidized cyt c was capable of activating the caspase cascade. Oxidized cyt c was reduced by the physiological reductants cysteine and glutathione, after which it was unable to activate the caspase cascade. It is thus likely that cyt c with oxidized haem is in a conformation capable of interaction with Apaf-1 and forming apoptosomes. When either oxidized or reduced cyt c was treated with submillimolar concentrations of endoperoxide, which affected less than 3% of the redox state of haem, the ability of the oxidized cyt c to activate the caspase cascade was abolished. Higher amounts of singlet oxygen were required to affect the optical spectral change of haem, suggesting that the suppressed pro-apoptotic function of oxidized cyt c is a mechanism that is separate from the redox state of haem. Oxidative protein modification of cyt c by singlet oxygen was evident, on the basis of elevated contents of carbonyl compounds. Our data suggest that singlet oxygen eliminates the pro-apoptotic ability of oxidized cyt c not via the reduction of haem, but via the modification of amino acid residues that are required for apoptosome formation.