Effect of Cytokines on Japanese Encephalitis Virus Production by Human Monocytes

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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus was shown to grow in in vitro cultures of human monocytes. Interferon (IFN)‐α and IFN‐γ inhibited JE virus production by the infected monocytes in the absence of anti‐JE virus antibody, but interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐2, IL‐3, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), granulocyte‐CSF (G‐CSF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α did not show a significant inhibition. Antibody against JE virus increased the JE virus production by the infected monocytes probably by enhanced uptake of virus‐antibody complexes via Fc receptors. IFN‐γ and GM‐CSF increased JE virus production by monocytes in the presence of anti‐JE virus antibody, whereas IFN‐α inhibited JE virus production even in the presence of the antibody. The other 5 cytokines (IL‐1α, IL‐2, IL‐3, G‐CSF, and TNF‐α) did not show a significant effect on JE virus production by monocytes in the presence or absence of the antibody.