Abstract
[[abstract]]The criticisms of Madsen (1987) directed against the author's particulate description for the statistical mechanics of violent relaxation are answered. To Madsen's argument that the particulate approach violates Liouville's theorem, it is answered that the theorem is necessarily violated on a macroscopic level if the concept of violent relaxation is to have sensible meaning. The use of macrocells and microcells in the particulate approach to describe stars and elementary particles is discussed, and the argument against the particulate approach based on constraints on maximum phase-space density are considered. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------[[fileno]]2010118010086[[department]]物理

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