The Development of Stuttering: I. Changes in Nine Basic Features

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Abstract
At the Brooklyn College Speech and Hearing Center 336 males and 82 females diagnosed as stutterers, ranging in age from 2 to 16 years were studied relative to repetitions, hard contacts, associated symptoms, etc. Relatively simple repetition, hard contacts, and pressure symptoms dominate early stuttering. The tendency to repeat whole words disappears as stutterers grow older. Four stages of development of associated symptoms may be outlined: (1) little overt reaction; (2) self-concept as a stutterer with no emotional reactions; (3) annoyance, frustration, disgust, or anger; (4) fear and embarrassment.

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