Developmental changes in pre‐adult behavior in confined colonies of golden hamsters

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Abstract
Eight litters of hamsters living in a large enclosure were observed from birth to 120 days. For the first 65 days each litter was confined to a separate compartment. Basic motor coordination was reached by the 3rd week. Marking was seen during the 6th week when males began to mount their mothers sexually, but lordosis was not seen in female pups before the 7th week. Fighting appeared at this time with the females being the more aggressive.At 65 days the litters were combined into 2 groups of 4. A gradual shift followed in the relative aggressiveness of the sexes. Females, which had previously initiated over 90% of attacks, became less aggressive, whereas attacks by males increased to the former female level. This unusual behavior for hamsters, where females are normally dominant, may have been due to crowding. Also, severe disruption of maternal behavior occurred with marked infanticidal tendencies.