Female Genital Mutilations in Africa

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Abstract
Codes and ratings for female genital mutilations, virginity tests, premarital sex norms, and female initiation rites are presented for the 115 cultural clusters on the continent of Africa. Documenting the prevalence of these characteristics within clusters comprising sampling provinces is crucial for research on the pattern of variability both in Africa and in the world. In addition to the 11 cultures listed in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample in which the operation is practiced, an additional 18 provinces contain cultures practicing genital mutilations. Female genital mutilations within Africa are associated with strong fraternal interest groups, virginity tests, and conservative premarital sex norms. A number of hypotheses for future cross-cultural research that are suggested by these findings are discussed.