Human antibody response to immunization with 17D yellow fever and inactivated TBE vaccine

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Abstract
The antibody response against flaviviruses tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE), Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD), Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), West Nile fever (WNF), Japanese B encephalitis (JE), dengue 2 (DEN‐2), and yellow fever (YF) was studied in humans after administration of an inactivated TBE virus vaccine. Individuals were either prevaccinated with 17D yellow fever (experimental group) or without any previous exposure to flaviviruses (control group). The appearance of serum titres of homologous and heterologous haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies, heterotypic DEN‐2 neutralizing antibodies, and TBE enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies were examined.Individuals prevaccinated with the 17D yellow fever developed an antibody pattern that contrasted with that of the control group. This pattern was characterized as follows: (1) Predominantly anti‐TBE IgG antibodies appeared earlier and in higher titres than in the control group, (2) heterologous HI antibodies crossreacting with the WN flavivirus subgroup preceded the appearance of homologous HI antibodies, (3) a broad spectrum HI response was observed against all flaviviruses tested, and (4) low titre heterotypic DEN‐2 neutralizing antibodies were formed in about half of the cases. These observations are discussed in the context of cross‐reactivity, cross‐protection and virus infection enhancement.