Genetics, race, ethnicity, and health

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Abstract
Genetics plays only a small part in ethnic differences in health, and other factors are often more amenable to change In the past few decades spectacular advances have occurred in molecular biology techniques. Researchers have been eager to use these new techniques to study ethnic or racial differences in health that are commonly assumed to have genetic causes. We argue that this assumption is based on confusion between three very different concepts: genetics, race, and ethnicity. This is invalid both scientifically and in terms of public health policy. We concentrate on research in Maori and Pacific (Polynesian) people, but the issues considered are of more general relevance. It is a common misconception that the genotype determines the phenotype. Genetic factors do have a large influence on health, but they are just one piece of a much larger picture. We are all continuously developing throughout our lives with a constant interaction between our genes and the environment.1 Any discussion of genetic tendencies thus makes assumptions about who is normal and what is a normal environment.2 For example, some researchers have argued that Polynesians have a thrifty genotype with a greater tendency towards obesity and non-communicable diseases such as diabetes when they adopt a European diet.3 It now seems, however, that almost everyone except Europeans may have the thrifty genotype.4 The constant interaction between genes and the environment means that few diseases are purely hereditary (even if they are genetic). Purely hereditary diseases are very rare (1/2300 births for cystic fibrosis, 1/3000 for Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, and 1/10 000 for Huntington's disease) and account for a small proportion of overall disease.2 It is often assumed that diseases are genetic because they run in families, but this often reflects a common environment and lifestyle rather than a genetic …

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