Experimental hyaline cartilage lesions: Two‐dimensional spin‐echo versus three‐dimensional gradient‐echo MR imaging

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Abstract
The value of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, with two‐dimensional (2D) spin‐echo and FISP (fast imaging with steady‐state precession) and FLASH (fast low‐angle shot) three‐dimensional (3D) gradient‐echo sequences, for the detection of hyaline cartilage defects of the femoral condyle and the tibial plateau, was investigated in an animal model. In eight dogs, the anterior cruciate ligament was transected in one knee joint, resulting in rapid development of osteoar‐thritis with degeneration of the hyaline cartilage. At autopsy, 24 cartilage lesions were found, which were classified into four grades. The overall detection of cartilage lesions with MR imaging was poor. Only five of the 24 lesions were visible on 2D spin‐echo images, while 11 of 24 were visible on 3D FISP images and 15 of 24 were seen on 3D FLASH images. The best results were obtained in advanced stages of cartilage degeneration, involving ulceration and complete abrasion of the cartilage layer. Signal loss or signal intensity increase in the cartilage layer was seen inconsistently in grades 3 and 4 degeneration. In this animal model, 2D spin‐echo imaging was inadequate for the diagnosis of hyaline cartilage lesions, while 3D gradient‐echo imaging permitted satisfactory diagnosis in only grade 4 cartilage disease.