Effects of high‐ and low‐risk diets on gut microflora‐associated biomarkers of colon cancer in human flora‐associated rats

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Abstract
Formulated diets associated with a high risk (HR) or low risk (LR) for colon cancer were used to assess the effect of diet on putative metabolic biomarkers in human flora‐associated rats: The HR diet was high in fat and sucrose and low in calcium and fiber; the LR diet was low in fat and high in starch, calcium, and fiber. The nutrient‐to‐energy ratio and energy intake were the same for both diets. Body and liver weights were significantly higher in animals fed the HR diet, possibly due to greater energy availability from fat. Cecal weights were significantly higher in animals fed the LR diet, presumably due to a bulking effect of the fiber and increased bacterial biomass. The HR diet significantly altered cecal bacterial enzyme activity: β‐glucuroni‐dase activity increased 2.5‐fold, and β‐glucosidase activity was halved. Ammonia production and the bacterial metabolism of 2‐amino‐3‐methyl‐7H‐imidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (IQ) to 7‐hydroxy‐IQ (70HIQ) were significantly higher in animals fed the HR diet. The HR diet, which contained factors common to diets consumed throughout the Western world, increased β‐glucuronidase activity, elevated cecal ammonia concentrations, and enhanced the genotoxic risk from 7OHIQ formation, three putative metabolic biomarkers of colorectal cancer. The significance of the reduction in β‐glu‐cosidase is unclear.