Adenosine receptor binding: structure-activity analysis generates extremely potent xanthine antagonists.

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Abstract
Structure-activity analysis of alkylxanthine derivatives at adenosine receptor binding sites was employed to design more potent adenosine receptor antagonists. Receptor affinities of xanthines were determined by measuring inhibition of the binding of N6-[3H]cyclohexyladenosine to bovine brain membranes. 1,3-Dipropyl subsitutions enhance potency compared to the 1,3-dimethyl substitution in theophylline. An 8-phenyl substituent produces a considerable increase in potency, which is augmented by certain p substitutions on the 8-phenyl ring. Combining an o amino with a p-chloro substituent on the 8-phenyl ring affords further increases in potency. Combining all of these substituents results in 1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4-chlorophenyl)xanthine, a compound of extraordinary receptor affinity, with a Ki [inhibitory constant] for adenosine A1 receptors of 22 pM. It is 4,000,000 times more potent than xanthine itself and 70,000 times more potent than theophylline.