Basement–cover relationships during polyphase deformation in the Svecokarelides of the Kaavi district, eastern Finland

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Abstract
For much of its length in eastern Finland, the contact between the late Archaean granitoid terrane and early Proterozoic supracrustal rocks is that of a depositional unconformity tectonically modified during the Svecokarelian orogeny. In the Kaavi district, this modification has been extensive, particularly because of thrusting which resulted in tectonic slices of basement being present as inliers within the cover rocks and cover rocks as outliers within the main basement outcrop. Both basement and cover have undergone repeated deformation and metamorphic recrystallisation reflected by the presence of multiple tectonic fabrics and sequential mineral growths. However, it is only locally in major zones of movement that the basement rocks of the Presvecokarelides show major modification as the result of the deformation which had such a profound effect on the cover rocks during the development of the Svecokarelides. Over large areas, the products of four phases of deformation (DI–IV) remain in the basement gneisses together with the products of basic and acidic intrusion whose positions in the deformational sequence can be established‥In the cover rocks, early nappe emplacement (Outokumpu nappe) was followed by the development of isoclinal folds associated with prograde metamorphism (D1). Regionally expressed asymmetrical folds, overturned to the E, with attenuation of overturned limbs and thrusting, involving basement, followed (D2). Subsequent deformation related to wrench faulting (D2c) was followed by the development of more open folds associated with declining geotherms (D3, D4); F3–F4 interference structures are expressed as domes, some of which were a locus of granitoid emplacement (Maarianvaara granitoid suite). D5 and D6 are expressed as cleavages and fractures.Correlation of the structural features in the Kaavi district with those in the Outokumpu and adjacent districts forms the basis both for establishing the regional disposition of basement and cover units and for determining the structural evolution of this part of the Svecokarelides.