Some effects of deafness on the generation of voice

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Abstract
Glottal volume-velocity waveform data were collected from 20 male and female hearing-impaired adolescents using a reflectionless tube. The subjects each provided samples of phonation in normal-and soft-voice modes and in a 3-syllable word with primary stress on the medial syllable. Compared with characteristics of phonation produced by normally hearing subjects, apparently affects primarily the time-varying characteristics of the glottal source. Among the hearing-impaired subjects diplophonia and creaky-voice episodes were noted at the onset or middle of phonation and irregular patterns of change were noted in the frequency and intensity of the glottal waveform. For some subjects, the period-to-period changes of frequency and intensity may be greater than normal. For the hearing-impaired subjects, the shape of the isolated glottal pulse and its spectrum are similar or identical to normal, while striking abnormalities may occur in the way the glottal pulse changes over time. The effect of deafness may prevent a speaker from learning the phonatory consequences of the muscular gestures which maintain and alter vocal-fold tension and subglottal air pressure dynamically in the production of voice.

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