Selection and Characterization of a Replication-Competent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variant Encoding C-Terminally Truncated Env

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Abstract
A long cytoplasmic C-terminus (Env-CT) on the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env protein is a highly conserved feature in vivo. Mutant HIV lacking the Env-CT cannot replicate in PBMCs and in the majority of T cell lines (nonpermissive cells, e.g., H9 cells) in vitro. We report here that a single amino acid change (N750K) in the context of the mutant virus pNL-Tr752 lacking 104 C-terminal Env amino acids gives rise to a virus variant pNL-Tr752(N750K), which can now replicate in nonpermissive H9 cells and, albeit to a lower extent, in PBMCs. We have analyzed the properties of replication-competent pNL-Tr752(N750K) in comparison to its defective counterpart pNL-Tr752 and to wild-type virus in H9 cells. In all cases, the respective glycoproteins were functional in inducing membrane fusion and were incorporated into particles. In comparison to pNL-Tr752 and pNL-Wt, pNL-Tr752(N750K) glycoprotein exhibited increased fusion induction and 2- to 3-fold increased incorporation into particles, properties that may contribute to the observed replication competence.