early bolting in short days: An Arabidopsis Mutation That Causes Early Flowering and Partially Suppresses the Floral Phenotype of leafy

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Abstract
The time of flowering in Arabidopsis is controlled by multiple endogenous and environmental signals. Some of these signals promote the onset of flowering, whereas others repress it. We describe here the isolation and characterization of two allelic mutations that cause early flowering and define a new locus, EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAYS (EBS). Acceleration of flowering time in the ebs mutants is especially conspicuous under short-day photoperiods and results from a reduction of the adult vegetative phase of the plants. In addition to the early flowering phenotype, ebs mutants show a reduction in seed dormancy, plant size, and fertility. Double mutant analysis with gibberellin-deficient mutants indicates that both the early-flowering and the precocious-germination phenotypes require gibberellin biosynthesis. Analysis of the genetic interactions among ebs and several mutations causing late flowering shows that the ft mutant phenotype is epistatic over the early flowering of ebs mutants, suggesting that the precocious flowering of ebs requires the FT gene product. Finally, the ebs mutation causes an increase in the level of expression of the floral homeotic genes APETALA3 (AP3), PISTILLATA (PI), and AGAMOUS (AG) and partially rescues the mutant floral phenotype of leafy-6 (lfy-6) mutants. These results suggest that EBS participates as a negative regulator in developmental processes such as germination, flowering induction, and flower organ specification.This work was supported by Grant No. BIO4-CT97-2340 from the European Union and Grant No. AGF98-0206 from Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain. Support for research activity at Centro Nacional de Biotecnología is provided through a specific agreement with Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA). C.G-M. was supported by an INIA (Spain) predoctoral fellowship. M.P. was supported by the European Molecular Biology Organization and the Biotechnology and Biological Science Research Council. J.M.F.-Z. was funded by a predoctoral fellowship from Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica (Spain).Peer reviewe

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