Circulations Occurring in Acoustic Phenomena

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Abstract
An investigation is made, by means of smoke particles, of the movements of the air in the neighbourhood of a vibrating reed At very low frequencies, the paths of the particles exhibit a pattern which, at first sight, resembles the lines of hydrodynamic flow. A more careful examination at sufficiently high magnification shows, however, that the particles do not move along the hydrodynamic lines but trace cut small ellipses. In addition, a mass circulation of the particles is superimposed on the above motion. At low frequencies this circulation is feeble, but with increasing frequency it strengthens and soon becomes the salient feature. Eventually yet another circulation is superimposed. It is shown how this work connects up with that of other observers, and emphasis is placed on the common occurrence, in many acoustic phenomena, of circulatory motion in association with vibratory motion

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