Circuit relations, reciprocity theorems

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Abstract
A waveguide can itself be treated as a system of distributed impedances. Distributed impedances are treated in the same way as lumped impedances, by use of Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws for networks. A system of distributed impedance can, in fact, be replaced by a network of lumped-impedance elements. The latter differ from the conventional radio-circuit elements in that their impedance is a transcendental function of frequency rather than an algebraic function. By means of these equivalent lumped-element networks, the network theorems that are applicable to low-frequency lumped-element networks are carried over to systems with distributed impedance. The first part of this chapter will review several network theorems and the two-wire transmission-line theory that are used in microwave circuit theory. The subjects will be treated briefly, the reader being referred to standard texts for more complete discussions and proofs of the results quoted here.

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