Equilibrium and stability of liquid-crystal configurations in an electric field

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Abstract
We describe how to choose the most stable of several equilibrium states that may exist in a liquid‐crystal cell at the same voltage V (or charge Q). Among states that exist at the same charge Q, the state with the lowest total free energyF is the most stable. Among states that exist at the same voltage V, the state with the lowest electric Gibbs function (F−Q V) is the most stable. Thus the relative stability of various equilibrium states can be compared by plotting G against V or F against Q. An example is given to illustrate the importance of a correct pairing of thermodynamic functions and independent variables.

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