On a pulsating jet from the end of a tube, with application to the propulsion of certain aquatic animals

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Abstract
The present paper discusses the hydrodynamics and propulsive properties when a jet of fluid is ejected from the opening of a tube. Formulas for the calculation of the thrust are provided and the basic equations for the horizontal rectilinear motion of a rigid torpedo-like body are studied in some detail. The results may be applied to investigate in an elementary way the locomotion of certain aquatic animals.