Oversowing ‘Grasslands Wana’ cocksfoot, ‘Grasslands Maru’ phalaris, and ‘Grasslands Tahora’ white clover in hill country at varying rates of paraquat and glyphosate

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Abstract
The influence of six pre-sowing herbicide treatments (no spray, two rates of glyphosate, and three rates of paraquat) on oversowing success of three species (‘Grasslands Wana’ cocksfoot, ‘Grasslands Maru’ phalaris, and ‘Grasslands Tahora’ white clover) were compared in autumn at two southern Hawke's Bay hill country sites (Ballantrae and Dannevirke) and in two seasons (spring and autumn) at the Ballantrae site. Pasture suppression by herbicide was compared using point analysis. Initial results from oversowing were compared by regular counts of seedling appearance and long-term results were determined from the contribution of introduced species to total herbage accumulation (HA) during the following 3-4 years. Paraquat and glyphosate were similar, at equal rates of active ingredient, for the establishment and performance of Wana or Maru, and were best at the highest rate of 0.7-D.8 kg a.i./ha. The contribution of Wana increased over 3 years under continuous sheep grazing to be 13-27% of total HA depending on the site, year, and herbicide combination, and was maintained during a fourth year. Wana did not significantly increase seasonal or annual total HA. Maru failed to establish and produce successfully. The establishment of Wana and Tahora was significantly and linearly related to rainfall in the first week and first 2 weeks respectively, following sowing, but unrelated to rain before sowing or 3 weeks after sowing. Spring oversowing at Ballantrae was unsuccessful.

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