Genetic transformation of apple (Malus pumila Mill.) using a disarmed Ti-binary vector

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Abstract
The disamed Ti-binary vector pBIN 6 in Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been used in leaf disc transfomations to produce transgenic apple (Malus pumila Mill.) plants with a nomal phenotype except for a somewhat reduced capacity to root. The presence of the genes for nopaline synthase and neomycin phosphotrans ferase (conferring kanamycin resistance), inserted into the host genome by the vector, was confirmed by Southern blot analysis, the detection of nopaline synthase activity and rooting in the presence of the antibiotic. The nopaline synthase gene continued to be expressed in glasshouse-grown plants several months after removal from in vitro growth conditions.