Vitellogenesis, vitellogenin and vitellin in the males of insects: a review

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Abstract
Eggs with a complete chorion and a normal appearance can be experimentally obtained in the males of Lepidoptera, and Drosophila among the Diptera. Limited or complete vitellogenesis is possible under special conditions in males of some insects, whereas others are unable to achieve vitellogenesis. The normality, viability, protein uptake (vitellogenin, vitellin and other proteins) and the endocrine processes involved in vitellogenesis in the male environment are discussed. An explanation of the differences observed among insects is offered in relation to vitellogenin synthesis by the male fat body, vitellogenin uptake by oocytes, and sexual endocrine processes. The use of the male milieu is now established as a valuable tool for the study of insect reproduction and development.