Brain Gray Matter Deficits at 33-Year Follow-up in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Established in Childhood

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Abstract
Volumetric studies in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have consistently found global reductions of total brain volume, with the prefrontal cortex, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and parietotemporal regions particularly affected relative to typical development in healthy children.1-4 These findings are consistent with a model of ADHD as a disorder of frontal-striatal-cerebellar circuitry. The diagnosis of ADHD requires onset in childhood, but persistence of ADHD into adulthood is now well documented.4,5 This longitudinal course combined with smaller brain volumes in children with ADHD have raised questions about brain development into adulthood.