Phytophagous Insects Collected on Musk Thistle, Carduus nutans , in Southeastern South Dakota 1

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Abstract
Phytophagous insects of Carduus nutans L. (Compositae) in South Dakota are reported. Ninety-eight species are noted, including 3 which have endophagous habits; i.e., Papaipema nebris Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Platyptila carduidactlys Riley (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) and Homoeosoma ellectellum Hulst (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Nearly half of the species were collected only once in the samples and are therefore considered rare or transient. Comparisons with European thistle insects indicate musk thistle in South Dakota has not been thoroughly exploited by native insects.

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