Optimization of the extraction of paclitaxel from Taxus baccata L. by the use of microwave energy

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Abstract
A simple and rapid microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) procedure was developed and optimized for the extraction of paclitaxel (Taxol®) from the needles of yew trees Taxus baccata L. grown in Iranian habitats. The samples, immersed in a methanol‐water mixture, were irradiated with microwaves in a closed‐vessel system. The method was evaluated using a factorial design approach based on parameters such as extraction time, temperature, methanol concentration in water (v/v), and the ratio of grams of sample to 10 mL of solvent. Statistical treatment of the results revealed that the selected parameters were all significant except the extraction time. Optimum conditions would be 1.5 g samples in 10 mL solvent (90% methanol), an extraction temperature of 95°C, and an extraction time of 7 min. The extracts has been analyzed by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC/UV) at 227 nm for quantification. Liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) was used for confirmation. The main advantage of the proposed MAE method versus conventional solvent extraction (CSE) are the considerable reductions in time (7 min versus 16 h) and in solvent consumption (20 mL versus 150 mL). The MAE procedure yielded extracts that could be analyzed directly without any preliminary clean‐up or solvent exchange steps. Both extraction methods show RSDs lower than 10% and lead to comparable recoveries of paclitaxel (87–92%).