Quantification of Isoprostanes as Indices of Oxidant Stress and the Risk of Atherosclerosis in Humans

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Abstract
Enhanced oxidant stress occurring either locally in the vessel wall or systemically is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in humans. Nonetheless, evidence that oxidant stress is increased in vivo in association with this disease and that it can be quantified in living human beings has been lacking because of the unavailability of biomarkers to assess oxidant stress in humans. Recently, the development of methods to quantify the F2-isoprostanes (IsoPs), prostaglandin (PG)-like compounds derived from the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid, has allowed, for the first time to the author’s knowledge, a facile and accurate assessment of oxidant stress in vivo. The purpose of this brief review is to discuss the usefulness of quantifying IsoPs as an index of oxidative injury in association with atherosclerosis. F2-IsoPs can be measured in human biological fluids, such as plasma and urine, using highly precise assays. They have been shown to be increased in association in with a number of atherosclerotic risk factors, including cigarette smoking, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, among others. In addition, recent evidence suggests their quantification may represent an independent marker of atherosclerotic risk. A reduction in cardiovascular risk factors is associated with a decrease in IsoP formation in humans. Despite the fact that the role of oxidant stress in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is a hotly debated issue, current evidence suggests that the IsoPs represent a biomarker that has the potential to be of great importance in the assessment of human atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.