A simple linear hand-held refractometer

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Abstract
A simple hand-held refractometer is described, which has a linear scale of refractive index. It is intended mainly for applications where simplicity and ease of use are the main requirements, and where the required accuracy does not warrant temperature correction. It provides a quick check of concentration to within 1% for most aqueous solutions and emulsions. Two versions of the refractometer are described, a reflection version using internal illumination, and a transmission version using external or ambient light. The former is potentially the more accurate, as it is free from geometrical aberrations, but the contrast tends to be low if there is any scattering material in the liquid; the latter gives a very high contrast, even in milky liquids.

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