The effect of microhabitat, spatial distribution, and display size on dispersal of Lindera benzoin by avian frugivores

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Abstract
The fruits of Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume are dispersed by several species of birds, mainly thrushes (Turdidae) and mimids (Mimidae). In a study in Trelease Woods, Illinios, removal rates (as percentages) did not keep pace with fruit availability and exhibited a low point in midseason. Relative removal rates in tree-fall gaps initially exceeded those in forest interior, though total fruit abundance there was less. Isolated bushes had slightly higher relative removal rates initially than clumped bushes, again despite a lower availability. Percentage removal rates on bushes with small displays often exceeded those on large displays, although the absolute numbers removed from large displays were greater. Most of these trends held up when factors were considered in combination.

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