Sandfly fever viruses in Italy

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Abstract
Two serologically distinct agents, the sandfly fever Sicilian and the sandfly fever Naples viruses, were isolated by Sabin from blood samples taken during an Italian epidemic of febrile illness. Since then, several different viruses have been isolated from sandflies and/or humans in both the Old and New World. Toscana virus, a new virus closely antigenically related to sandfly fever Naples virus, was isolated in 1971 from the sandfly Phlebotomus perniciosus in Italy. Extensive studies on the importance of Toscana virus as a human pathogen demonstrated its association with acute neurologic diseases. A serosurvey for the presence of antibodies to sandfly fever Sicilian, sandfly fever Naples and Toscana viruses indicated that, as in other Mediterranean areas, both sandfly fever Sicilian and sandfly fever Naples viral infections decreased or disappeared after the 1940s in countries performing insecticide-spraying malaria eradication campaigns. In contrast, clinical cases of aseptic meningitis or meningoencephalitis caused by Toscana virus are observed annually in Central Italy during the summer. Toscana virus may be present in other Mediterranean countries where sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus are present.