Arnold-Chiari Malformation

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Abstract
IN 1891, Chiari1 described the anomalies of the hindbrain that he found in cases of congenital hydrocephalus and divided these malformations into four categories: Type 1 showed a variable displacement of the cerebellar tonsils into the upper cervical canal. This was unaccompanied by any caudal dislocation of the medulla. Type 2 showed a variable displacement of the inferior vermis of the cerebellum into the upper cervical canal, and was accompanied by a similar caudal displacement of the lower pons and medulla together with an elongated fourth ventricle. Type 3 showed a downward displacement of the medulla with herniation of the cerebellum into a high cervical meningocele. Type 4 showed hypoplasia of the cerebellum. In a further paper in 1895, Chiari2 analyzed his findings in 24 cases of congenital hydrocephalus. Seven cases fell into his type 2 category and all these were associated with a meningomyelocele. Fourteen were

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