Phase transitions in Langmuir monolayers of polar molecules

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Abstract
Insoluble Langmuir monolayers are investigated in the presence of dipolar forces which can have two origins: permanent dipoles in neutral monolayers and induced dipoles in charged monolayers. The main effect of the additional long-range repulsive interactions is to stabilize undulating phases at thermodynamic equilibrium. Phase diagrams are obtained in two limits: close to the liquid–gas critical point via a Ginzburg–Landau expansion of the free energy (mainly within a mean-field approximation), and at low temperatures by free energy minimization. Possible applications of this theory to experiments at the liquid–gas, liquid expanded–liquid condensed, and solid–liquid transitions are discussed.

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