Sleep Fluoroscopy for Localization of Upper Airway Obstruction in Children

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Abstract
The management of children with upper airway obstruction (UAO) in whom previous airway surgeries or concomitant craniofacial or neuromuscular abnormalities exist is complicated by potential obstruction at multiple sites. Sleep fluoroscopy (SF) provides adynamic representation of relative degrees of obstruction at multiple levels of the pediatric airway. Fifty-five SF studies were performed on 50 infants and children to localize obstructive sites. Correlation was assessed with findings on direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy under spontaneous ventilation. In 24 (44%), endoscopic and SF findings correlated exactly. The SF studies identified a site of UAO in 11 patients with normal findings on endoscopic examination and multiple sites of UAO in 16 others. Two thirds of these occurred at the hypopharynx and tongue base. The SF studies failed to detect 5 airway abnormalities in 4 patients. The sensitivity of SF for endoscopically verified laryngotracheal lesions was lowest for glottic (67%) and subglottic (70%) locations and higher for tracheal (92%) and supraglottic (100%) sites. Sleep fluoroscopy altered the course of treatment in 26 (52%) children. It appears to be a valuable adjunct to endoscopy in the identification and management of pediatric UAO when hypopharyngeal collapse or multiple levels of obstruction are suspected.