Quartz crystal resonators and oscillators, recent developments and future trends

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Abstract
This paper deals only with the most recent and significant developments in the field, because excellent review papers on crystal resonators and oscillators are available and given in reference. A short historical review providing general concepts is presented first. Then, since important advances have recently been made in the resonator and oscillator field as well, the most significant improvements are pointed out and discussed. On the one hand, progress due to the use of doubly rotated cuts, new techniques (including “electrodeless”, “flat pack” …) and various advances are presented. On the other hand, improvements in conception and realization of oscillators are widely discussed, pointing out that theoretical and technical progress in both resonator and oscillator fields is needed.Recent progress leads to better performance in short term stability, aging, environmental sensitivity, etc., and even to possible competition with other frequency standards. Recent advances are summarized by a comparison of the most recent documented results. Probable future trends are also indicated.

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