Development of defined and minimal media for the growth of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus Vc1

Abstract
The nutritional requirements of Pyrococcus furiosus were determined using extended continuous culture in the absence of elemental sulfur in an anaerobic gaslift bioreactor. Replacement of complex nutrients by maltose, amino acids and vitamins alone supported growth. When the organic components of this defined medium were optimised, equilibrium cell densities of 1010 ml−1 were achieved. Selective feeding and withdrawal revealed requirements for l-proline, l-cysteine and d-biotin. Replacement of maltose by dextrin allowed growth in closed bottles on both the defined and minimal media, again in the absence of elemental sulfur. A simple procedure for the efficient plating of P. furiosus on solid media was also developed.

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