Progressive ratio and fixed ratio schedules of cocaine-maintained responding in baboons

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Abstract
Responding maintained under progressive ratio (PR) and fixed ratio (FR 160) schedules of IV saline or cocaine (0.01–4.0 mg/kg) injections was studied in baboons. Each injection was followed by a time-out period which was 3-h with the PR schedule and was either 3 or 12 h with the FR schedule. On the PR schedule the ratio requirement was systematically increased each day until reaching the ‘breaking point’ at which self-injection performance fell below a criterion level (one or zero injections per day). Overall response rates on the PR schedule increased with progressive increases in the ratio until a maximum at which an abrupt reduction in responding occurred. With the 3-h time-out the dose-breaking point function on the PR schedule was similar to the dose-response rate function on the FR schedule. These dose-effect functions were inverted U-shaped curves characterized by a graded ascending limb (0.01–0.32 mg/kg) and a downturn at the highest doses (3.0–4.0 mg/kg). On the FR schedule the downturn in the dose-response rate function was attributable to a cumulative drug effect as revealed by manipulation of time-out duration and analysis of sequential interresponse time distributions and cumulative response records. PR and FR schedules provide similar information about the relative reinforcing efficacy of different cocaine doses.