The volume of internal and external trade: Is Britain a closed economy?

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Abstract
Pitfield D. E. (1978) The volume of internal and external trade: is Britain a closed economy? Reg. Studies 12, 665–682. For internal freight traffic models to ignore external trade requires that Britain is assumed a closed economy. Summary measures of the volume of trade show that external trade is relatively small at the aggregate level. It is only when trade is disaggregated by commodity that any commodity's foreign trade becomes a significant proportion of internal movements. Disaggregating over space, it appears that internal movements of port zones are not dissimilar from non-port zones, although major ports might be an exception. It is concluded that generation models of freight may generally ignore external trade.

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