Diapause in Heliothis zea and Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)1

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Abstract
Pupal diapause in the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was characterized by: (1) retention of larval eye spots in the postgenal region; (2) arrest of gondal development in the female; (3) cessation of spermatogenesis in the male; and (4) reduced oxygen consumption. Diapause was induced by 10-hour photoperiods and inhibited by 14-hour photoperiods. High temperature (27°C) counteracted short photoperiod effect and low temperature (18°C) counteracted the long-day effect. The sensitive stage was found to be the larva. The tobacco budworm was more responsive to photoperiod at the different temperatures studied than the bollworm. Pupae of both the bollworm and the tobacco budworm could remain in diapause for at least 20 months at 18°C. There was a parental effect that reduced the incidence of diapause in F1 and F2 progeny of adults which had undergone diapause. This effect appeared to be influenced by both a time interval and temperature.