Ice Adhesion to Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces

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Abstract
The adhesional shear strength has been determined for ice formed against polished steel, monolayers adsorbed on steel and thin plastic coatings painted on metal surfaces. The adsorbed monolayers reduced the shear strength to about one-third of that for ice on clean steel. The monolayers also had the effect of changing the character of the breaks from clearly cohesional to apparently adhesional failure. The shear strength from the plastic coatings ranged from values equal to that of ice against clean steel to values 70 to 80% lower. The reduction in shear strength did not correlate with the water contact angle on the coatings but was usually found to be due either to air entrapment at the ice/coating interface or to cohesive failure of the coating itself. The ice separated from the various substrates was examined microscopically by forming plastic replicas of the ice surface. These studies helped determine the mechanism of failure and, since one of the replicating solutions was also an ice etchant, much was learned about the crystal structure and the crystal defects of ice near surfaces. The ice lattice was found to be highly defective near the substrates and this is discussed in connection with the “liquid-like,” behavior of interfacial ice.

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