Coupling of secondary active transport with $$\Delta \tilde \mu _{H^ + } $$

Most nutrients and ions in bacteria, yeasts, algae, and plants are transported uphill at the expense of a gradient of the electrochemical potential of protons \(\Delta \tilde \mu _{H^ + } \) (a type of secondary active transport). Diagnosis of such transports rests on the determination of the transmembrane electrical potential difference Δψ and the difference of pH at the two membrane sides. The behavior of kinetic parametersK _T (the half-saturation constant) andJ _max (the maximum rate of transport) upon changing driving ion concentrations and electrical potentials may be used to determine the molecular details of the transport reaction. Equilibrium accumulation ratios of driven solutes are expected to be in agreement with the Δψ and ΔpH measured independently, as well as with the Haldane-type expression involvingK _T andJ _max. Different stoichiometries of H⁺ /solute, as well as intramembrane effects of pH and Δψ, may account for some of the observed inconsistencies.