The Stages of Development in Chinese Economic and Social History *

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Abstract
An analysis of early Chinese history finds abundant sources of evidence upon which to base a description of the original forms of economic activity: excavations and written historical traditions, old songs, traditional religious and profane customs. The beginnings of a socially differentiated agrarian history of China took place outside of the swampy plains of the vast northeastern river delta, although there may have been isolated cultural oases in the more elevated regions or round about in the hill districts of the East. Closely connected with the crisis of feudalism in the Chou period, underlying and profoundly influencing it, is the crisis in the ancient Chinese agrarian community. In the study of this phenomenon too much attention has been devoted to the question of the geometric form of the village community.

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