Biology and Life Cycle of Anaphes sordidatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an Egg Parasitoid of the Carrot Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

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Abstract
Biology and life cycle of Anaphes sordidatus (Girault), an egg parasitoid of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte), are reported. Adult longevity ranged from 1.4 ± 0.9 (SD) days for adults from host eggs in which four parasitoids developed at 29°C to 9.6 ± 3.7 days for singly emerged adults at 17°C. Fecundity was 49.4 ± 29.3 offspring for singly emerged females and 33.2 ± 19.7 for females that emerged from host eggs in which two or more parasitoids developed. Mating status had no significant effect on fecundity. Most oviposition (79%) occurred within 3 days of adult emergence. Development time (egg-to-adult emergence) was strongly influenced by temperature (8.7 and 17.6 days at 29 and 17°C, respectively). Adult emergence from the host egg occurred primarily during the first 2 h of daylight. Implications of A. sordidatus biology and life cycle for its effectiveness in the field are discussed.