Location of radial oxygen loss and zones of potential iron uptake in a grass and two nongrass emergent species

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Abstract
Typha latifolia and Carex rostrata both exhibit rhizospheric iron reduction after iron deprivation while Phragmites australis does not. Examination of T. latifolia and C. rostrata roots showed that these potential sites of iron uptake are surrounded by oxidized rhizospheres. Rhizospheric oxidation by T. latifolia, C. rostrata, and P. australis is more extensively distributed along the root than has been recorded in the past. All three species lower the pH of their rhizospheres: iron starvation increases the rate of acidification in T. latifolia and C. rostrata, but not in P. australis. Observation of the superimposition of oxidative rhizospheres over iron reduction sites supports the hypothesis that oxidation protects the root from reduced toxins. However, it is also possible that root oxidation may play a major role in nutrient procurement by hydrophytes.

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