Short‐term forecasting with a multi‐level spectral primitive equation model part I ‐ model formulation

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Abstract
A global baroclinic primitive equation model using the spectral technique has been constructed for short‐ and medium‐range numerical weather prediction. The spectral technique, which is a special case of the Galerkin method, employs spherical harmonic basis functions in the evaluation of all horizontal derivatives. The use of a transform technique allows all the horizontal operations to be performed efficiently and allows physical processes to be evaluated in real space. The model employs a semi‐implicit algorithm for time integration and finite differencing in the vertical. Physical processes include orography, moist convection, large scale precipitation and boundary layer processes.