Enhancement of antitumor immunity by prolonging antigen presentation on dendritic cells

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Abstract
Vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with antigenic peptides derived from various tumor antigens has great, but as yet significantly unrealized, potential in cancer treatment. Here, we describe a strategy for prolonged presentation of an MHC class I–restricted self-peptide on DCs through linkage of it to a cell penetrating peptide (CPP). DCs loaded with a peptide derived from tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) covalently linked to a CPP1 sequence retained full capacity to stimulate T cells for at least 24 h, completely protected immunized mice from subsequent tumor challenge, and significantly inhibited lung metastases in a 3-day tumor model. DCs pulsed with TRP2 alone failed to provide any of these protections. In addition, we demonstrate that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were required for potent antitumor immunity. This CPP-based approach may be generally applicable to enhance the efficacy of DC-based peptide vaccines against cancer and other diseases.