Synergy, antagonism, and what the chequerboard puts between them

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Abstract
The study of interactive effects between molecules has a long history. For antimicrobial drugs, the use of paired and triple combinations of inhibitory agents in the clinic often begins with tests in vitro that show positive interactions inhibiting the growth of target microorganisms. There are many models for experimental designs to measure such combination effects. One of the best known and very simple forms of such tests is the ‘chequerboard’ experiment in which a two-dimensional array of serial concentrations of test compounds is used as the basis for calculation of a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) to demonstrate that paired combinations of agents can exert inhibitory effects that are more than the sum of their effects alone (synergy; FICI < 1.0), or to less than the sum of their effects alone (antagonism; FICI > 1.0).

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