Abstract
A comparison was made of the gingival conditions of 248 Indian refugees, who were grouped according to various stages of nutritional deficiency and including patients in pregnancy and postnatal states. Gross changes in the gingivae, including congestion, ulceration, hypertrophic gingivitis, and an increased tendency to hemorrhage, were most marked in the pregnant groups. Similar changes were also associated with malnourish-ment, and the worst form of gingival pathosis was found in women who were suffering from nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy. The existence of local factors such as calculus accentuated the effects of nutritional deficiencies on the development of gingivitis.

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